Personal Protection Orders (PPO) in Singapore: Protecting Against Family Violence and Domestic Abuse

“Have you ever felt trapped in a cycle of family violence, unsure of where to turn for protection?”

In Singapore, the Personal Protection Order (PPO) stands as a crucial legal safeguard against family violence and domestic abuse. Established under the Women’s Charter, a PPO is more than just a legal document - it’s a powerful tool designed to protect individuals from various forms of family violence, including physical abuse, emotional torment, and controlling behaviour (to name a few).

In this article, we’ll break down the key aspects of a Personal Protection Order (PPO), walk you through the application process, and show you how to effectively use this legal protection. Whether you’re seeking help for yourself or supporting a loved one, understanding PPOs is a vital step towards breaking the cycle of family violence and creating a safer home environment.

📚 Learn More

For a comparison between PPOs vs Protection Orders under POHA, read our other article - “Singapore’s Legal Protections: POHA Protection Orders (PO) vs Family Violence (PPO)“

Understanding Family Violence and Domestic Abuse in Singapore

Family violence and domestic abuse are serious issues that affect many households in Singapore. The Women’s Charter defines family violence as any of the following acts:

• Physically hurting a family member
• Causing emotional or psychological harm, including fear or distress
• Wrongfully confining or restraining a family member against their will
• Continual harassment with the intent to cause anguish

It’s important to note that family violence isn’t limited to physical abuse. It can take many forms, including:

• Physical abuse: Hitting, kicking, pushing, or using weapons
• Emotional abuse: Willfully or knowingly placing, or attempting to place, a family member in fear of hurt through constant criticism, humiliation, or threats
• Psychological abuse: Manipulation, gaslighting, or isolation from friends and family
• Financial abuse: Controlling finances, preventing access to money, or forcing financial dependence
• Sexual abuse: Non-consensual sexual acts or pressure to perform sexual acts

For actions to be considered emotional abuse in the context of family violence, there must be a genuine fear of hurt experienced by the victim. This fear can be related to physical, psychological, or emotional harm.

Family violence can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or socioeconomic status. Victims can include spouses, ex-spouses, children, parents, siblings, or other relatives.

🏠 A Real-life Scenario

Jane’s husband frequently berates her in front of their children, controls her finances, and threatens to harm her if she tries to leave. His actions coupled with his threatening words deliberately instil fear in Jane, making her genuinely afraid for her safety. While there’s no physical violence, this emotional and financial abuse, coupled with the intentional creation of fear, falls under the definition of family violence in Singapore.

Recognising Signs of Family Violence

Identifying family violence early is crucial for intervention and protection. Here are some common signs to watch for:

• Unexplained injuries or frequent “accidents”
• Fear or anxiety around a particular family member
• Sudden changes in behaviour or withdrawal from social activities
• Financial dependence or unexplained financial problems
• Children showing signs of distress or behavioural issues

🚨 Important!

If you or someone you know is experiencing any form of family violence, it’s [crucial to seek help](#ink to subheading to suppot). A Personal Protection Order (PPO) can be a vital step in ensuring safety and breaking the cycle of abuse.

Types of Protection Orders for Family Violence

The Women’s Charter provides several types of protection orders to address family violence, each serving a specific purpose:

Personal Protection Order (PPO)

A Personal Protection Order is the primary form of protection against family violence. According to the Family Justice Courts of Singapore, when granted, a PPO:

• Prohibits the respondent (the person committing family violence) from using family violence against the applicant and other specified family members.
• May include additional conditions as the court deems necessary for the protection of the family, such as:
• Requiring the respondent to attend counselling, anger management, or substance abuse treatment
• Prohibiting the respondent from contacting the protected person through any means (such as phone calls, text messages, emails, or social media).
• Restricting the respondent’s access to certain locations
• Granting temporary custody of children to the protected person
• Modifying children visitation arrangements, possibly requiring supervision

These additional conditions are tailored to each case to ensure the safety and well-being of the protected person and their family members.

Expedited Order (EO)

An Expedited Order is a temporary PPO that provides immediate protection in urgent cases:

• It can be issued within 24 hours of application in emergency situations.
• Typically lasts for 28 days or until the PPO hearing, whichever is earlier.
• Provides immediate protection without requiring a trial.

Domestic Exclusion Order (DEO)

A Domestic Exclusion Order is a more stringent form of protection:

• It excludes the respondent from the shared residence or specific parts of it.
• Can be granted in addition to a PPO if the court deems it necessary for the safety of the applicant.

Counselling Order (CGO)

The court may also issue a Counselling Order alongside a PPO:

• Requires parties involved to attend mandatory counselling sessions.
• May include children if the court deems it necessary.
• Aims to provide support and help families develop healthier relationship dynamics.

📅 Important!

The Court reviews Counselling Orders after 6-9 months to assess progress and decide whether to continue or discharge the order.

These protection orders above can work together to provide a comprehensive approach to addressing family violence, offering both immediate safety measures and long-term support for affected families.

👨‍👩‍👧 For example,

Lisa applied for a PPO. Given the immediate danger, the Court first issued an EO for her protection. During the subsequent hearing, Lisa was granted a PPO that included a DEO requiring her husband to leave their home and a CGO mandating both to attend counselling sessions. This comprehensive approach ensured Lisa’s immediate safety while also addressing underlying issues in their relationship.

Understanding the types of protection orders available is vital, but equally important is knowing who can apply for these orders and how to do so.

Who Can Apply for a PPO?

Under the Women’s Charter, the following individuals can apply for a PPO:

1. A family member who has been a victim of family violence.
2. A family member on behalf of a child or incapacitated person who has experienced family violence.
3. Any person appointed by government authorities as a guardian or protector of a vulnerable adult.

Family members, in this context, include:

• Spouse or ex-spouse
• Children (including adopted and step-children)
• Parents and parents-in-law
• Siblings
• Other relatives

The Personal Protection Order (PPO) Application Process

Applying for a PPO can be an emotionally challenging experience. If you need support during this process, consider reaching out to a social worker, contacting the Women’s Helpline at 1800 777 5555, or contacting us at Guardian Law. We are able to guide you through the application process, provide legal guidance and support throughout your PPO application journey.

1. Initiate the Application: Submit your application online through the Family Justice Courts’ iFAMS portal. You’ll need to choose an appointment time and pay a nominal fee. If online submission is difficult, you can visit the Family Justice Courts or a Protection Specialist Centre in person.

2. Swear Your Statement: Attend your appointment to swear your statement before a judge. You may have a preliminary discussion with a court counsellor or social worker.

3. Summons Issuance: The court will send a summons to the respondent (the person you’re seeking protection from), usually scheduling a court appearance within 1-2 weeks.

4. Initial Court Mention: At this session, the respondent will be informed of the allegations and asked to respond.

5. Respondent’s Decision and Mediation:

   (a) If the respondent admits to the allegations and agrees to the PPO, the court will issue the order along with any necessary Counselling Orders.

   (b) If the respondent denies the allegations or doesn’t consent to the PPO, both parties will meet with a court family specialist for mediation. This process aims to resolve issues without proceeding to trial.

   (c) If no agreement is reached during mediation with the court family specialist, you’ll be asked if you want to proceed to trial.

6. Pre-Trial Preparations: If mediation is unsuccessful and you decide to proceed to trial, both parties will be informed about evidence submission deadlines and administrative court mentions. You’ll have the option to hire a lawyer or represent yourself.

7. Trial: Both parties will present their cases, including cross-examinations. The judge will review all submitted evidence.

8. Judgment: The judge will decide whether to issue the PPO based on the evidence presented.

9. Counselling Order: If a PPO is granted, a Counselling Order is typically issued alongside it. You’ll be assigned to a social service agency for mandatory counselling sessions.

10. Follow-up Review: Approximately 6 months after the PPO issuance, the court will review progress reports from the assigned social worker and decide on any necessary extensions or further actions.

Remember, this process can vary based on individual circumstances. It’s always best to consult with legal professionals for the most up-to-date and personalised guidance.

💡 Important!

In urgent cases, you can apply for an Expedited Order (EO) for immediate protection while waiting for the PPO hearing.

Remember, applying for a PPO is a significant step towards ensuring your safety and well-being. Don’t hesitate to seek help if you’re experiencing family violence.

Enforcement and Penalties for Violating a PPO

A Personal Protection Order is a powerful legal tool, but its effectiveness relies on proper enforcement and the consequences for those who violate it.

Enforcement of PPOs

1. Immediate Police Response: If the respondent violates the PPO, the protected person can call the police immediately. Law enforcement officers are authorised to arrest the respondent without a warrant if they have reason to believe a PPO has been breached.
2. Evidence Collection: It’s advisable for the protected person to document any violations, including keeping records of dates, times, and nature of the breaches. This evidence can be crucial in court proceedings.
3. Magistrate’s Complaint: If the police decide not to investigate further or do not prosecute the perpetrator for breach of the personal protection order, the protected person may consider filing a Magistrate’s Complaint. The outcomes of a Magistrate’s Complaint can include:
4. Ordering parties to attend criminal mediation
5. Directing the police to further investigate the matter
6. Issuing a summons to the respondent (i.e., the perpetrator) for private prosecution

It’s advisable to consult with a family lawyer who specialises in family law or criminal law. They can provide guidance on the available legal recourse and advice on your rights and the next steps.

Penalties for Violating a PPO

Under the Women’s Charter, violating a PPO is a serious offence. The penalties can include:

1. First-time Offenders:
   • A fine of up to S$2,000, or
   • Imprisonment for up to 6 months, or
   • Both fine and imprisonment
2. Repeat Offenders:
   • A fine of up to S$5,000, or
   • Imprisonment for up to 12 months, or
   • Both fine and imprisonment
3. Additional Penalties: The court may also order mandatory counselling or other rehabilitation programs for the offender.

❗ Important!

The severity of the penalty often depends on the nature of the violation and any history of previous offences. Repeated or severe violations may result in harsher sentences.

🏠 Example:

John was issued a PPO prohibiting him from contacting his ex-wife, Jane. Despite this, he repeatedly sent threatening text messages to Jane. When Jane reported this to the police, John was arrested. As a first-time offender, he was fined S$2,000 and ordered to attend mandatory counselling. While the PPO itself didn’t appear on John’s criminal record, his conviction for violating it did, which was later considered in their ongoing divorce proceedings, affecting John’s visitation rights with their children.

Understanding these enforcement mechanisms and penalties is crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of PPOs and the safety of those they’re designed to protect. If you’re protected by a PPO and it’s violated, don’t hesitate to seek help from law enforcement and the courts immediately.

PPO vs. POHA Protection Order: Understanding the Differences

While both Personal Protection Orders (PPOs) and Protection Orders under the Protection from Harassment Act (POHA) aim to protect individuals from harm, they serve different purposes and apply in different situations.

Personal Protection Order (PPO)

1. Purpose: Protects against family violence.
2. Covered under: Women’s Charter
3. Applies to: Family members, including spouse, ex-spouse, children, parents, siblings, and other relatives.
4. Types of harm covered: Physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological abuse within a family context.
5. Application process: Through the Family Justice Courts
6. Additional orders: May include Domestic Exclusion Orders and mandatory counselling
7. Filing method: Can be filed online via the Integrated Family Application Management System (iFAMS) or in person at the Family Justice Courts or Family Violence Specialist Centres.

POHA Protection Order

1. Purpose: Protects against harassment, stalking, and other related behaviours.
2. Covered under: Protection from Harassment Act
3. Applies to: Anyone experiencing harassment, including from strangers, colleagues, or neighbours.
4. Types of harm covered: Harassment, stalking, doxxing, and cyberbullying.
5. Application process: Through the Protection from Harassment Court
6. Additional Orders: May include Non-Publication Orders and Stop Publication Orders
7. Filing method: Can be filed online through the Community Justice and Tribunals System (CJTS) for simplified proceedings, or through eLitigation for standard proceedings.

Understanding these differences can help you choose the most appropriate legal protection for your situation. If you’re unsure which order to apply for, consider consulting with a lawyer or a family violence specialist who can guide you based on your specific circumstances.

To understand more about the differences between POHA Protection Orders and Personal Protection Orders (PPOs), read more here.

Support Resources for Family Violence Victims

Dealing with family violence can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to face it alone. Singapore offers various support services and resources for victims of family violence:

Immediate Help and Crisis Support

1. Police

• In emergencies, call 999 immediately.

2. National Anti-Violence and Sexual Harassment Helpline
   • Call 1800-777-0000 (24/7 helpline)
   • Website: National Anti-Violence Helpline
3. AWARE (Association of Women for Action and Research)
   • Women’s Helpline: 1800-777-5555
   • Website: AWARE Singapore

Family Violence Specialist Centres

1. PAVE (Centre for Promoting Alternatives to Violence)
   • Location: Ang Mo Kio
   • Website: PAVE Singapore
2. REACH Family Service
   • Location: Bishan, Sin Ming, Shunfu, and Thomson vicinity
   • Website: REACH
   • Services: Professional counselling, support for vulnerable families, and mental health services.
3. Care Corner Project StART
   • Location: Toa Payoh
   • Website: Care Corner Project StART

🆘 Seeking Help

Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. These resources are available to support you through the process of addressing family violence and rebuilding your life in safety.

For more information on support services, helplines, and resources available for those affected by family violence, visit the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF) website.

How Guardian Law Can Help

At Guardian Law, we understand the complexities and sensitivities surrounding Personal Protection Orders and family violence cases. Here’s how we can assist you:

1. Expert Legal Advice: We offer clear, tailored guidance on your rights and options regarding Personal Protection Orders and family violence protection.
2. Application Assistance: Our team can help you prepare and file your PPO application, ensuring all necessary documentation is complete and accurate.
3. Court Representation: We provide strong advocacy during court hearings, presenting your case effectively and professionally.
4. Negotiation Support: If needed, we can negotiate the terms of the PPO on your behalf, ensuring your safety and interests are prioritised.
5. Post-Order Guidance: We offer ongoing support after the PPO is granted, including advice on enforcement and what to do if the order is violated.
6. Holistic Approach: We consider your overall family situation, providing advice on related matters such as divorce or child custody if relevant.

At Guardian Law, we are committed to supporting victims of family violence and helping them navigate the legal system to ensure their safety and well-being. We encourage anyone experiencing family violence to seek help and take steps towards a safer future.

Conclusion

Personal Protection Orders play a crucial role in safeguarding individuals from family violence in Singapore. They provide a legal framework for protection, offering victims a pathway to safety and peace of mind. Understanding the process of obtaining a PPO, its enforcement, and the support available is essential for those facing family violence situations.

Remember, family violence is never acceptable, and help is available. Whether you’re considering applying for a PPO, need advice on your legal options, or are seeking support services, there are resources and professionals ready to assist you.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Personal Protection Order (PPO) in Singapore?

A PPO is a court order issued under the Women's Charter to protect individuals from family violence. It restrains the abuser from committing further acts of violence against the applicant and other specified family members. A PPO can include additional conditions such as prohibiting the abuser from entering the family home.

Who can apply for a PPO in Singapore?

Any family member who is a victim of family violence can apply for a PPO. This includes spouses, ex-spouses, children (including adopted and step-children), parents, parents-in-law, siblings, and other relatives. A guardian or representative can also apply on behalf of incapacitated persons or minors.

How do I apply for a PPO in Singapore?

You can apply for a PPO online through the Integrated Family Application Management System (iFAMS) portal. Alternatively, you can apply in person at the Family Justice Courts or a Family Violence Specialist Centre. The application process involves filing a complaint, providing evidence, and attending a court hearing.

How much does it cost to apply for a PPO?

The filing fee for a PPO application is S$1. However, there may be additional costs if you choose to hire a lawyer. Fee waivers are available for those facing financial hardship, ensuring that cost is not a barrier to seeking protection.

How long does it take to get a PPO?

The timeline can vary depending on the urgency of the situation. In emergency cases, an Expedited Order can be issued within 24 hours. For standard PPO applications, a court hearing is typically scheduled within 4 weeks. The entire process, from application to issuance, usually takes 4-6 weeks.

What happens if someone violates a PPO?

Violating a PPO is a criminal offence in Singapore. First-time offenders can face fines up to S$2,000, imprisonment up to 6 months, or both. Repeat offenders may face fines up to S$5,000, imprisonment up to 12 months, or both. The police have the authority to arrest violators without a warrant.

Can a PPO be renewed?

Yes, a PPO can be renewed if the protected person still feels at risk when the order is about to expire. To renew, you need to file an application with the Family Justice Courts before the current PPO expires. The court will review the circumstances to decide whether to extend the order.

Do I need a lawyer to apply for a PPO?

While not mandatory, having legal representation can be beneficial, especially in complex cases. A lawyer can help prepare your application, gather evidence, and represent you in court. However, you can also represent yourself or seek assistance from family violence specialist centres if you cannot afford a lawyer.